The Ethereum Merge is Complete

The Ethereum Mainnet and Beacon chain merged at a 'Total Terminal Difficulty; (TTD) value of 58.75 Hextillion, signalling the end of Proof-of-Work (POW) and the transition to Proof-of-Stake (POS) Under Proof-of-Stake Ethereum's energy consumption is expected to be reduced by ~99.95%.

Gráfico

Ethereum $2.504,77

Ethereum Classic $8,37

10/11/2026

Cronograma Ethereum

The Merge

Sep-15-2022

Gray Glacier

The Gray Glacier network upgrade pushed back the difficulty bomb by three months. This is the only change introduced in this upgrade.

Gray Glacier

Jun-30-2022

10:54:04 UTC

2022

Arrow Glacier

The Arrow Glacier network upgrade pushed back the difficulty bomb by several months. This is the only change introduced in this upgrade.

Arrow Glacier

Dec-09-2021

19:55:23 UTC

Altair

The Altair upgrade was the first scheduled upgrade for the Beacon Chain. It added support for "sync committees"—enabling light clients, and bringing validator inactivity and slashing penalties up to their full values.

Altair

Oct-27-2021

10:56:23 UTC

London

The London upgrade introduced EIP-1559, which reformed the transaction fee market, along with changes to how gas refunds are handled and the Ice Age schedule.

London

Aug-05-2021

12:33:42 UTC

Berlin

The Berlin upgrade optimized gas cost for certain EVM actions, and increases support for multiple transaction types.

Berlin

Apr-15-2021

10:07:03 UTC

2021

Beacon Chain Genesis

The Beacon Chain needed 16384 deposits of 32 staked ETH to ship securely. This happened on November 27, meaning the Beacon Chain started producing blocks on December 1, 2020.

Beacon Chain Genesis

Dec-01-2020

12:00:35 UTC

Staking Deposit Contract Deployed

The staking deposit contract introduced staking to the Ethereum ecosystem. Although a Mainnet contract, it had a direct impact on the timeline for launching the Beacon Chain, an important Ethereum upgrade.

Staking Deposit Contract Deployed

Oct-14-2020

09:22:52 UTC

Muir Glacier

The Muir Glacier fork introduced a delay to the difficulty bomb.

Muir Glacier

Jan-02-2020

08:30:49 UTC

2020

Istanbul

The Istanbul fork: Optimised the gas cost of certain actions in the EVM, Improved denial-of-service attack resilience, Made Layer 2 scaling solutions based on SNARKs and STARKs more performant

Istanbul

Dec-08-2019

00:25:09 UTC

Constantinople

The Constantinople fork ensured the blockchain didn't freeze before POS was implemented, Optimised the gas cost of certain actions in the EVM and added the ability to interact with addresses that haven't been created yet.

Constantinople

Feb-28-2019

19:52:04 UTC

2019

2018

Byzantium

The Byzantium fork, reduced block mining rewards from 5 to 3 ETH, delayed the difficulty bomb by a year. It also added ability to make non-state-changing calls to other contracts and added certain cryptography methods to allow for layer 2 scaling.

Byzantium

Oct-16-2017

05:22:11 UTC

2017

Spurious Dragon

The Spurious Dragon fork was the second response to the denial of service (DoS) attacks on the network (September/October 2016)

Spurious Dragon

Nov-22-2016

16:15:44 UTC

Tangerine Whistle

The Tangerine Whistle fork was the first response to the denial of service (DoS) attacks on the network (September/October 2016) including addressing urgent network health issues concerning underpriced operation codes.

Tangerine Whistle

Oct-18-2016

13:19:31 UTC

Dao Fork

The DAO fork was in response to the 2016 DAO attack where an insecure DAO contract was drained of over 3.6 million ETH in a hack. Anyone who lost funds could withdraw 1 ETH for every 100 DAO tokens in their wallets.

Dao Fork

Jul-20-2016

13:20:40 UTC

Homestead

The Homestead fork that looked to the future. It included several protocol changes and a networking change that gave Ethereum the ability to do further network upgrades.

Homestead

Mar-14-2016

18:49:53 UTC

2016

Frontier Thawing

The frontier thawing fork lifted the 5,000 gas limit per block and set the default gas price to 51 gwei. This allowed for transactions - transactions require 21,000 gas.

Frontier Thawing

Sep-07-2015

21:33:09 UTC

Frontier

Frontier was a live, but barebone implementation of the Ethereum project. It followed the successful Olympic testing phase. It was intended for technical users, specifically developers. Blocks had a gas limit of 5,000.

Frontier

Jul-30-2015

15:26:13 UTC

2015

Ether Sale Ends

A total amount of 31,531 BTC was collected, worth $18,439,086 at the time of the sale, in exchange for about 60,102,216 ETH.

Ether Sale Ends

September 02, 2014

Ether Sale Begins

Ether officially went on sale for 42 days. You could buy it with BTC.

Ether Sale Begins

July 22, 2014

Yellowpaper Released

The Yellow Paper, authored by Dr. Gavin Wood, is a technical definition of the Ethereum protocol.

Yellowpaper Released

April 01, 2014

2014

Whitepaper Released

The introductory paper, published in 2013 by Vitalik Buterin, the founder of Ethereum, before the project's launch in 2015.

Whitepaper Released

November 27, 2013

2013

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