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Blockchain.com

The Ethereum Merge is Complete

The Ethereum Mainnet and Beacon chain merged at a 'Total Terminal Difficulty; (TTD) value of 58.75 Hextillion, signalling the end of Proof-of-Work (POW) and the transition to Proof-of-Stake (POS) Under Proof-of-Stake Ethereum's energy consumption is expected to be reduced by ~99.95%.

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Chart
Ethereum $2,706.77
Ethereum Classic $8.91
10/01/2026
Ethereum Timeline
The Merge
Sep-15-2022
Gray Glacier

The Gray Glacier network upgrade pushed back the difficulty bomb by three months. This is the only change introduced in this upgrade.

Gray Glacier
Jun-30-2022
10:54:04 UTC
2022
Arrow Glacier

The Arrow Glacier network upgrade pushed back the difficulty bomb by several months. This is the only change introduced in this upgrade.

Arrow Glacier
Dec-09-2021
19:55:23 UTC
Altair

The Altair upgrade was the first scheduled upgrade for the Beacon Chain. It added support for "sync committees"—enabling light clients, and bringing validator inactivity and slashing penalties up to their full values.

Altair
Oct-27-2021
10:56:23 UTC
London

The London upgrade introduced EIP-1559, which reformed the transaction fee market, along with changes to how gas refunds are handled and the Ice Age schedule.

London
Aug-05-2021
12:33:42 UTC
Berlin

The Berlin upgrade optimized gas cost for certain EVM actions, and increases support for multiple transaction types.

Berlin
Apr-15-2021
10:07:03 UTC
2021
Beacon Chain Genesis

The Beacon Chain needed 16384 deposits of 32 staked ETH to ship securely. This happened on November 27, meaning the Beacon Chain started producing blocks on December 1, 2020.

Beacon Chain Genesis
Dec-01-2020
12:00:35 UTC
Staking Deposit Contract Deployed

The staking deposit contract introduced staking to the Ethereum ecosystem. Although a Mainnet contract, it had a direct impact on the timeline for launching the Beacon Chain, an important Ethereum upgrade.

Staking Deposit Contract Deployed
Oct-14-2020
09:22:52 UTC
Muir Glacier

The Muir Glacier fork introduced a delay to the difficulty bomb.

Muir Glacier
Jan-02-2020
08:30:49 UTC
2020
Istanbul

The Istanbul fork: Optimised the gas cost of certain actions in the EVM, Improved denial-of-service attack resilience, Made Layer 2 scaling solutions based on SNARKs and STARKs more performant

Istanbul
Dec-08-2019
00:25:09 UTC
Constantinople

The Constantinople fork ensured the blockchain didn't freeze before POS was implemented, Optimised the gas cost of certain actions in the EVM and added the ability to interact with addresses that haven't been created yet.

Constantinople
Feb-28-2019
19:52:04 UTC
2019
2018
Byzantium

The Byzantium fork, reduced block mining rewards from 5 to 3 ETH, delayed the difficulty bomb by a year. It also added ability to make non-state-changing calls to other contracts and added certain cryptography methods to allow for layer 2 scaling.

Byzantium
Oct-16-2017
05:22:11 UTC
2017
Spurious Dragon

The Spurious Dragon fork was the second response to the denial of service (DoS) attacks on the network (September/October 2016)

Spurious Dragon
Nov-22-2016
16:15:44 UTC
Tangerine Whistle

The Tangerine Whistle fork was the first response to the denial of service (DoS) attacks on the network (September/October 2016) including addressing urgent network health issues concerning underpriced operation codes.

Tangerine Whistle
Oct-18-2016
13:19:31 UTC
Dao Fork

The DAO fork was in response to the 2016 DAO attack where an insecure DAO contract was drained of over 3.6 million ETH in a hack. Anyone who lost funds could withdraw 1 ETH for every 100 DAO tokens in their wallets.

Dao Fork
Jul-20-2016
13:20:40 UTC
Homestead

The Homestead fork that looked to the future. It included several protocol changes and a networking change that gave Ethereum the ability to do further network upgrades.

Homestead
Mar-14-2016
18:49:53 UTC
2016
Frontier Thawing

The frontier thawing fork lifted the 5,000 gas limit per block and set the default gas price to 51 gwei. This allowed for transactions - transactions require 21,000 gas.

Frontier Thawing
Sep-07-2015
21:33:09 UTC
Frontier

Frontier was a live, but barebone implementation of the Ethereum project. It followed the successful Olympic testing phase. It was intended for technical users, specifically developers. Blocks had a gas limit of 5,000.

Frontier
Jul-30-2015
15:26:13 UTC
2015
Ether Sale Ends

A total amount of 31,531 BTC was collected, worth $18,439,086 at the time of the sale, in exchange for about 60,102,216 ETH.

Ether Sale Ends
September 02, 2014
Ether Sale Begins

Ether officially went on sale for 42 days. You could buy it with BTC.

Ether Sale Begins
July 22, 2014
Yellowpaper Released

The Yellow Paper, authored by Dr. Gavin Wood, is a technical definition of the Ethereum protocol.

Yellowpaper Released
April 01, 2014
2014
Whitepaper Released

The introductory paper, published in 2013 by Vitalik Buterin, the founder of Ethereum, before the project's launch in 2015.

Whitepaper Released
November 27, 2013
2013
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